Causes and effects of of Globalization

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Ethnic and racial conflict

All the conflict brings trouble most of the time, and the ethnic and racial conflict are not an exception. The ethnic conflict responds to a nationalist, and most of those coming after the cold war; meanwhile, some other ethnic conflicts had its own history. On the other hand, racial conflict is more likely to discriminate because the pigmentation of the skin. Nevertheless, these two kinds of conflict are related to end in a war crimes and even genocide. Even though we are living in the twenty one century, the different between ethnic or racial groups still going on.
Every ethnic or racial conflicts, bolt has its own history with the time. For example, when Sudan was the old empire of Nubian, it was conquered by Egypt thousands of years ago. After a few years, this nation got its freedom, but not for too long. In modern era, Egypt conquered again this country after 50 years of war like a never ending drama. Another example is the situation in the U.S., where the Afro-American people were, at the beginning, taken as slaves and they were treated just because their dark pigmentation as an inferior group. Commonly, when we see an ethnic or racial conflict anywhere, it must have a background hide in the past.
Any ethnical or racial conflict seen to be is taken again the minor group of people. As an example, no other group stands out for its trouble relationship with the white majority, and for its persistently disadvantaged socioeconomic status than the African-American group. Not just because they are more visible or because they have their own customs, but because they represent the minority in a society. Across the years the people tend to be the one who dominated the other one, no matter who they are. Some of those minorities are created by groups of people who migrate looking for a better life, but they do not realize they would be rejected by the society there they expect to join. Are we acting as our bodies react again whatever is not from itself?
Even in our days, the ethnic and racial conflict still in our society. Proof enough is to look our self and the way we think about our brothers from Central America. Are we superior just because the way how we look? It is a stereotype or is real? It is not enough reason being living in a globalized world, in order to leave behind the different between us as an equal right people? In the Middle East, the ethnic conflicts still are one of the worst problems of the area, but not just there, everywhere in the world even in our neighborhood something, somehow we reject somebody just because their different. Some of the reasons to create a conflict in those days are the religion, language, body size or pigmentation, and some of those are seen in developed countries like U.S. or the poor ones like in Africa.
Is Ethnic and racial conflict inevitable? The future is in our hands, and; as a result, we need to move on and leave all the different created in the past. There is not a superhuman race, as many people think in the past, and there is not someone inferior just because they are different. In the same way the fingers of our hands are different, all and every human are different, but it does not mean we need to treat them different. As humans, we have the same rights, same opportunities and the only way to end it well, is if we change the way we think.


Bibliography:
Ethnic and racial groups in the USA: Conflict and cooperation. From http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu12ee/uu12ee0o.htm Retrieved October 27, 2010
Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable? http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64457/james-habyarimana-macartan-humphreys-daniel-posner-jeremy-weinst/is-ethnic-conflict-inevitable Retrieved October 27, 2010
Ethnic conflict http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict Retrieved October 27, 2010
On the Theory of Ethnic Conflict http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~coleman/web/ethnic.pdf Retrieved October 27, 2010
Conflictos raciales en África han sido origen de Matanzas From: http://www.listin.com.do/la-republica/2009/3/25/95730/print Retrieved October 27, 2010





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Globalization of infectious diseases

In order to understand better what globalization of infectious disease is, is important to understand the meaning of globalization. In our days, the globalization has reached all the areas that have to do with the humankind. It influences not just information, but also goods, capital and people across political or even geographic boundaries. However, it is not always for good. With the globalization the spread of diseases has increased through the history and unfortunately, it is becoming more dangerous every day. By itself, globalization does not distinguish borders, even if those are natural borders like mountains, valleys or an entire ocean. In the same way, some of the most deathliest infectious diseases are being developed so quickly that now it is possible to understand why what we call globalization is part of the spread of deathliest diseases. Globalization of infectious diseases does not refer to one single set of illnesses but rather to a broad group of widely varying conditions. This problem is even bigger when non-communicable group of diseases from a determined area or country is becoming part of the list of the infectious one.
The causes of the globalization of infectious diseases are varied. In the 18th century, the most important example of this kind of globalization was the bubonic plague and the influenza of various types, in which the main reason was the shipment of grains and other food from Asia to Europe. It might take months, even years at that time, to propagate itself in the whole continent; even though, now it can take just a few days to be a pandemic. For example, just three days after the world cup was celebrated in South Africa, there were malaria cases in 7 countries of America, and some other countries of Europe and Asia. The easiest and fastest way to travel from one country to another one help to those diseases to propagate quickly, making the problem worse. In addition, the climate change is another root cause of this propagation. Now is common to find cases of non-communicable diseases from Africa or South America in the north part of Europe or North America. With the global warming many viruses find more acceptable conditions to reproduce themselves in areas that were not common to find it years ago. For those reasons, the globalization of infectious diseases is getting stronger and it is propagating quickly.
As a consequence, of this globalization of infectious diseases, many people are exposed to stronger illness due to the immunization that those are getting to certain medicines. Second, not all the people has the same immunity, it may vary depending of the region or country where they live. As an example, it is mandatory for the United Stated citizens who travel to the areas in danger, to get a treatment against any kind of disease present in the area of visit. It is important to understand that the people who live in areas, with common diseases, could get immune to those illnesses. Consequently, once they travel to a foreign country, they can carry diseases and not necessary they can be affected to them. Also, in some countries, millions of Children are growing without the present of their parent, because a disease like VIH has taken from them. Those are just some examples of the consequences that the globalization of infectious diseases is bring in.
A disease can be transmitted by airborne, waterborne, blood-borne, by direct contact or even through a vector like insects. It is not possible to eradicate it, but is our responsibility to keep it controlled. As human began to traveling overseas and across land, it is important research information about diseases which are common in the area. In that way, they can take control before they come back to the home place, in order to reduce the possibility of spread diseases and cause million of dollars to control it and any lose of lives.

Bibliography
Durand, Steven. Executive Summary - The Globalization of Infectious Disease. From http://www.prcdc.org/files/Infectious_Disease.pdf Retrieved October 20, 2010
Dr. Daulaire. Globalization and Health. From http://www.globalhealth.org/assets/html/drmed3.html Retrieved October 20, 2010
Globalization and disease from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_disease Retrieved October 20, 2010



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Impact of migration on receiving countries

Migration is a population displacement from their original place to another one, which implies a change of the habitual residence. Migration is a phenomenon present along with the human history. Since the beginning of the humankind, the nomads were people who used to travel long journeys in the search for a better life. Some other cultures or religions have as a referent any kind of migration, for example the exodus of the Jude people from Egypt. In this topic the main reasons are political, economical or natural disasters which move the people to emigrate.
Every reason has different consequences. The economical one has positive reason for the country from which the people emigrate, but it implies an economical dependency. On the other hand, it seen to be there are only negative consequences for the country who receive the immigration, or that is the way how those countries show it to the world. Some groups again the immigration says it increase the unemployment, decrease the salaries, and recharge the social services offered by the state. At the end, every time there is a developed country, it has to deal with the immigration from countries where they do not have the same level of develop.
A good consequence of the immigration is that almost all the immigrants are in the age between 20 and 39 years old. A youngest population means there are more active people than the others side of the population whose are younger than 20 or older than 65 years old. Nevertheless, those people who immigrate are not good enough educated in order to have good jobs; moreover, they have to do the dirty jobs for a lower rate or even a same job for an immigrant mean lower payment. All the bad consequences are reflected in the country’s development which would see how it gets broken. “’Subsidising immigrants’ isn't sufficient, Germany has the right to ‘make demands’ on them” said the chancellor Merkel, referring to the immigrants in Germany.
The most notable consequence is the social or cultural behavior that changes along with immigrants. Most of the countries, in which the number of immigrant is considerable, have separate colonies or group of people with their own cultures and traditions. In those cases they want to keep their own languages, believes, food, and even celebrations; however, some of those traditions are not well accepted in the country they choose. “The country was being made ‘more stupid’ by poorly educated and unproductive Muslim migrants with headscarves”. "This approach has failed, totally," Merkel said, adding that “immigrants should integrate and adopt Germany's culture and values”.
Immigration is always the reason of bad news for a developed country; however, it does not have to be always true. For example, after the Katrina hurricane in New Orleans, immigrants reconstructed the entire city in where most of the native emigrated in search of a safer place to live but; in contrast, those immigrants have been discriminated by federal laws and business practices. In these days where the globalization is everywhere around the globe, the developed countries has to change their rules again the immigrants and stop look at them as a problem. Those countries have to see them as part of the develop they have, as the immigrants have to adopt their rules as the new country in where they live. Without job opportunities there are not immigrants who want to refill those vacant. The dependency between a rich country and poor one always is going to coexist.

Bibliography:
Futuros. Consecuencias económicas de la migración. At http://www.revistafuturos.info/futuros_11/migracion_econ.html. Last access on Sunday October 17, 2010.
Audrey Kauffmann. Merkel says German multi-cultural society has failed. At http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101017/wl_afp/germanymuslimreligionimmigration. Last access on Sunday October 17, 2010.


Picture taken from: http://socyberty.com/society/migration-in-india-2/

Causes of poverty and ways to alleviate it

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Weapons Prolifaration

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

Sometimes is difficult to understand how the humans are the only animal kind with the capacity to destroy itself and others creatures. Actually, there are enough weapons to destroy the entire world if necessary. According to the free dictionary the proliferation of nuclear weapons means “The process by which one nation after another comes into possession of, or into the right to determine the use of, nuclear weapons; each nation becomes potentially able to launch a nuclear attack upon another nation”. But, that is not it; the biological or chemical weapons are considering the most dangerous threats of this century. Is this world where we want our child live?
Actually there are eight countries that used nuclear weapons satisfactorily. Five of those countries are members of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) which are Russia, United Stated, France, United Kingdom and China. On the other hand, three others countries are using nuclear weapons but they are not members of the NPT; those are India, Pakistan and North Korea. Meanwhile, Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia are suspicious of being developing nuclear weapons. The NPT or NNPT limit the spread of nuclear weapons and since 1970 has 189 estates members of it.
Another kind of weapon which can cause mass destruction is the biological one, also known as biological warfare that is used by terrorist. That includes the use of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, or any other toxins which are produced by them as biological weapons, also known as bioweapons. In 2002 was estimated that Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya and Syria has possessed this kind of mass destruction weapons and also United Stated who is the major possessor of those in the world. For this reason, in 2003 Iraq was invaded in an operation led by United Stated. Those weapons are internationally controlled by Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), but if a nation uses is clandestinely, it would be considered as a bioterrorism.
On the other hand, chemicals weapons are consider as mass destruction weapons regardless of numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. While there are nations which continue to research or stockpile chemicals weapon, many states have joined the Chemical Weapon Convention which required the destruction of all of them by 2012. There are twelve nations that have declared its productions and six other ones have declared stockpiles. Although all those nations declared its productions facilities have been destroyed others seventeen nations currently have active chemical weapons programs according to the United Stated government. Again the nations of Iran, North Korea, Russia and United States are some of which have chemical weapons.
Finally, radiological weapon, also known as radiological dispersion device (RDD) is another kind of mass destruction weapons. This one could be any weapon used to spread radioactive material, in order to kill or cause disruption upon a city or nation. It is known as a dirty bomb or salted bomb and it used conventional explosives to spread radioactive material, same used in radiological medical equipment.
Weapon of mass destruction is not just explosives which would kill people. It is known the use of nuclear power on space explorations; on the other hand, biological ones could be use again illegal plantation of coca for example. Also we know the use of chemical agents on personal defense like the famous “gas mostaza” and of course, the use of radioactivity at hospitals. As an example of peace living nation we need to make us hear and express our displeasure by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction before it would be too late.

Bibliography:
The free dictionary at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/proliferation+(nuclear+weapons) accessed on October 03, 2010.
Armas de destrucción masiva at http://www.tierramerica.net/2004/0209/conectate.shtml accessed on October 03, 2010.
CienciaPopular.com at http://www.cienciapopular.com/n/Tecnologia/Armas_de_Destruccion_Masiva/Armas_de_Destruccion_Masiva.php accessed on October 03, 2010.
Weapon of mass destruction at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction accessed on October 03, 2010.




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Globalization

San José, Costa Rica
September 29, 2010

Globalization week Organizer
ULACIT

Dear Organizer:

I am a Computer Science student who did have the pleasure to attend a couple activities about the Globalization Week that took place at the University last week.
As a student I am very proud to be part of the institution which is taking care of those little details that would make the different in our future. It is nice to have those spaces in the learning process that let us know the real world the way it is, not just in books, but with the knowledge of professional people, same who graduated from this institution years ago.
At the activity “SEO: Estrategias de posicionamiento en el Mercado global” with Carlos Chacón, was very interesting to understand how the success of being online is not just to have I nice page, yet to use the tools and secrets given by a search engine like Google, Bing, Yahoo and others It is not just to take a Web2.0 course and learn how to make internet pages, but also to make it work online in order to be successful. On the other hand, the exposition given by Dr. Alexis Campos about Salud Bucodental… Global?”; let us know that does not matter what our major is, we always can see further, and even we will have the opportunity of represent our country in regional organization or even in a worldwide one.
I personally believe that globalization is the key to success in those days. If we, as a person, organization or even as a country, share the knowledge, we will be able to step up in a world that is always changing. So, I would like to congratulate you about all those activities and invite you to keep improving them; as well, to have soon others activities with new topics as important as this one was.
Thank you sincerely and congratulation again for the success of the pass week.

Kind regards

José Miguel Monge Fallas

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Global Warming

By Jose Miguel Monge Fallas

Global warming is the increase in global average surface temperature due to natural or anthropogenic climate change, which means the production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. Scientist use global warming as a tendency for the globe to warm over a given period. The question is if we are prepared for that? Or if this is the world we want our children to enjoy? We cannot do anything about our mother nature, but is important to know what the greenhouse effect is and how we can contribute to preserve our world.
But, what causes the global warming? One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. On the other hand, man-made causes do the most damage to our planet. Pollution is the biggest problem and it comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels, such as coal or oil give off a green house gas called CO2. Another cause is the population. More people mean more food; consequently, it means more manure which is a source of methane. It also means more methods of transportation that release CO2 in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out CO2; as a result, we are building our own way to die.
Global warming is more than just higher temperature in summer time. Some effects brought as a result of global warming is the spread of diseases. Also, as the temperature of oceans rises, so will the probability of more frequent and stronger hurricanes. On the other hand, other areas will suffer severe droughts and heat waves and it will exacerbate the conditions and could lead to conflict and war. But, is not just that, hurricanes causes billions of dollars in damage, diseases cost money to treat and control, and conflicts exacerbate all these. Finally, the most important effect is the polar ice caps could melt; consequently, it will raise sea levels, throw the ecosystem out of balance and will endanger several species of animals. Without ice caps, the only reflector of sunlight is the ocean, and darker color will absorb more sunlight, further warming the earth even more.
The problem is big, but the solutions are as many as your want. Chose clean power and look for energy start, it will contribute to eliminate tons of heat-trapping gasses. Unplug any appliance that you do not need and replaced light bulb for an energy saving one, it could reduce the pollution by 90 billion pounds over the life of the bulb. Think before you drive; the car you drive is the most important personal climate decision. Buy good wood by checking for labels that indicates the source of the wood and plant a tree; it can make the different. And the most important, let the policymaker know you are concerned about global warming by taking personal actions, encourage others and motivate our leaders.
Is scary just to think how the first people settled in America came walking from Mongolia across the Bering’ Strait. In these days that travel could be impossible. Even if we stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, the earth would still warm by another degree or so. But what we do from today forward makes a big difference. We can have different houses or places to go around the world, but just one world where we can live, our own planet earth. “The power of one is the power to do something… anything”.


Bibliography
Global Warming Climate Change Greenhouse Effect. At http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/index.html. Last access on 09/20/2010
Environmental graffiti. At http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/ Last access on 09/20/2010
The Causes of Global Warming. At http://www.causesofglobalwarming.net/ Last access on 09/20/2010
Ten Personal Solutions to Global Warming At http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/what_you_can_do/ten-personal-solutions-to.html Last access on 09/20/2010
Watch change happen. At http://www.oneearth.org/. Last access on 09/20/2010




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Domestic Violence in Costa Rica

Everybody knows that domestic violence is an aggressive behavior used by one person in a relationship toward the other one. However, every time we hear about domestic violence, our minds create an image of beaten women, but not all the time this is true. (Du Plat-Jones 2006) “Domestic violence against men tends to go unrecognized since men are less likely to admit to or report such incidents because of embarrassment, fear of ridicule and lack of support services”. It is a taboo that has been created an ignored by society. Furthermore, the society has to see domestic violence not just as physical aggression, but everything that is related to verbal, physical, sexual, emotional or even financial abuse.
For example, according to Fontes (1999) “while a men abuse their female partner every 15 seconds in United States, females abuse their male partner every 14.6 seconds”; however, the problem does not finish there, “when the police arrive to the place many of the abused men were arrested, threatened with arrest or even ignored”. In addition, every time that the news comes out relating to domestic violence focuses on women as the victims and does not talk about domestic violence against men. It is enough reason to view to men physically and emotionally stronger than women to hind the true? “Male victims may experience broken limbs, bruising, knife wounds, teeth marks, deep scratches and lacerations, inappropriate comments, fear and intimidation, tearfulness and refuse to be physically examined”.
In Costa Rica this is not an exception. Our Constitution seem to mean all people are equal in front to the law, yet for men in marriage. This is obviously in domestic violence court, where men are treated poorly and consider guilty before having any to say is his favor. In addition, the best strategy for a man is to reject the charges, but accept the restrictions put on him by the judge. Therefore, no matter what he says, it not make any different in the hearing. To mention an example, let us take a true case from the news where in a typical family the woman always wants more money for more pretty things. The men finally open his eyes and start in a discussion about family budgets arise in these hard times. The wife gets disgruntled and makes a complaint in front of a domestic violence judge with a few tears in her eyes, and the man is in the street in hours. This is not a funny history but a true one that I saw too. Just to mention another example there was a 70 years old man who was wealthy, on the other hand, a woman who just grew up a 17 years old girls and she sent her to talk to the man, but this one avoid her and without a probe she sent him to jail. As a result, the man lost his family, just because the woman did not get his money.
True domestic violence is abominable and it needs to be sanctioned. But, so should the misuse of domestic violence laws that are used in themselves a method of coercion and intimidation and end up destroying lives. In addition, this is not reason, and there is not enough reason for a man to take the justice on his hands, yet it is time to end with the taboo. The society has to learn that the men cry too; on the other hand, the government has to apply the law against the domestic violence but at equal right for men and women.


References
Barber, C. (2008). Domestic violence against men. Nursing Standard, 22(51), 35-39. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database. accessed: September 10, 2010
Fontes DL (1999) Information on Male Victims of Domestic Violence. http://www.safe4all.org/essays/2page.html accessed: September 10, 2010
Garland M. Baker. Shaky domestic violence laws fracture families. http://www.amcostarica.com/051010.html accessed: September 10, 2010
Plat-Jones J., D. (2006). Domestic violence: the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard, 21(14-16), 44-48. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

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